石油设备网讯 据烃加工在线6月21日消息称，根据国际能源署的数据，2018年全球经济的工业部门消耗了超过一半(55%)的能源。
在工业部门内，化学工业是最大的能源使用者之一，占全球工业能源使用的12%。能源——无论是在工厂购买的还是在工厂现场生产的——对化工行业非常重要，它将化工行业与能源供应链的许多部分联系在一起，包括公用事业、矿山和其他能源产品制造商。
化学工业通常分为两大类:基本化学品和其他化学品。
基本化学品是构成其他产品的基本构件的化学品。这些包括原料气体、颜料、肥料、塑料和橡胶。基本化学品有时被称为散装化学品或商品化学品，因为它们产量大，价格相对较低。
其它化学品——有时被称为精细化学品或特种化学品——生产和销售所需的能源更少，价格要高得多。其他化学品包括药品、肥皂和油漆。
化工行业使用天然气等能源产品作为热能和原料。基本的化学制品通常是在大型工厂里生产的，这些工厂使用各种各样的能源来产生热量，其中大部分用于蒸汽和设备，如泵。最大的原料用途是生产石油化工产品，这可以使用石油或天然气为基础的原料。
就价值而言，家庭是最大的化学品使用者，因为他们使用价值较高的化学品，这些化学品往往有助于提高生活水平，例如药品或卫生产品。化学品通常也是中间产品——用于生产其他产品的材料，如橡胶和塑料制品制造、农业生产、建筑、纺织品和服装制造。
与其他行业相比，基础化工产业的能源强度，或者说单位产出能耗，与其他产业相比相对较高。然而，基本化学品工业的能源强度因区域而异，很大程度上取决于一个区域生产的化学品。根据美国能源情报署(EIA)发布的《2018年国际能源展望》，2015年俄罗斯基础化学工业的能源密集度最高，平均约为9.8万Btu/美元，加拿大紧随其后，平均强度为6.8万Btu/美元。
俄罗斯和加拿大的基础化学工业以化肥和石化产品为主。石油化工产品和化肥是最耗能的基本化学品，它们都依赖能源来打破化学键，影响分子的重组，从而产生预期的化学产量。这些国家生产这些特定的基本化学品，部分原因是它们也生产作为投入所需的自然资源，如钾肥、石油和天然气。
相比之下，2015年美国基础化学工业的能源密集度要低得多，达到22 000 Btu /美元，因为美国的基础化学工业生产的其他基本化学品，如气体和合成纤维，更加多样化。然而，EIA预计，美国石化行业的不断发展将增加美国基础化工行业的能源强度。
美国向全球出口化学品，其中流向墨西哥、加拿大数量最多。根据世界投入产出数据库，2014年美国所有化学品的出口额为1180亿美元，是几十年来的最高水平。
曹海斌 摘译自 烃加工在线
原文如下：
Energy products are key inputs to global chemicals industry
The industrial sector of the worldwide economy consumed more than half (55%) of all delivered energy in 2018, according to the International Energy Agency.
Within the industrial sector, the chemicals industry is one of the largest energy users, accounting for 12% of global industrial energy use. Energy - whether purchased or produced onsite at plant - is very important to the chemicals industry, and it links the chemical industry to many parts of the energy supply chain including utilities, mines, and other energy product manufacturers.
The chemicals industry is often divided into two major categories: basic chemicals and other chemicals. Basic chemicals are chemicals that are the essential building blocks for other products. These include raw material gases, pigments, fertilizers, plastics, and rubber. Basic chemicals are sometimes called bulk chemicals or commodity chemicals because they are produced in large amounts and have relatively low prices. Other chemicals - sometimes called fine or specialty chemicals - require less energy to produce and sell for much higher prices. The category of other chemicals includes medicines, soaps, and paints.
The chemicals industry uses energy products such as natural gas for both heat and feedstock. Basic chemicals are often made in large factories that use a variety of energy sources to produce heat, much of which is for steam, and for equipment, such as pumps. The largest feedstock use is for producing petrochemicals, which can use oil-based or natural-gas-based feedstocks.
In terms of value, households are the largest users of chemicals because they use higher value chemicals, which are often chemicals that help to improve standards of living, such as medicines or sanitation products. Chemicals are also often intermediate goods - materials used in the production of other products, such as rubber and plastic products manufacturing, agricultural production, construction, and textiles and apparel making.
The energy intensity of the basic chemicals industry, or energy consumed per unit of output, is relatively high compared with other industries. However, the energy intensity of the basic chemicals industry varies widely by region, largely based on the chemicals a region produces. According to the US Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) ‘International Energy Outlook 2018’, Russia had the most energy-intensive basic chemicals industry in 2015, with an average energy intensity of approximately 98 000 Btu/dollar, followed by Canada with an average intensity of 68 000 Btu/dollar.
The Russian and Canadian basic chemicals industries are led by fertilizers and petrochemicals. Petrochemicals and fertilizers are the most energy intensive basic chemicals, all of which rely on energy for breaking chemical bonds and affecting the recombination of molecules to create the intended chemical output. These countries produce these specific basic chemicals in part because they also produce the natural resources needed as inputs, such as potash, oil, and natural gas.
By comparison, the energy intensity of the US basic chemical industry in 2015 was much lower, at 22 000 Btu/dollar, because the industry in the US has a more diverse production mix of other basic chemicals, such as gases and synthetic fibres. However, EIA expects that increasing petrochemical development in the US will increase the energy intensity of the US basic chemicals industry.
The US exports chemicals worldwide, with the largest flows to Mexico, Canada. According to the World Input-Output Database, US exports of all chemicals in 2014 were valued at US$118 billion, the highest level in decades.
